ѵ̳̣Ԫ 뼼 һ ù()


 

Ԫ뼼 

쵼ĺڼع() 

ѧϰϼжϼԹȫԸʵжǶ¼õĽ() 

ڹõķͼɣһҵڣҲҵڶ̬ĻӦ仯вΪڡҵܷ֮ำ˹ŬȥѰҺͲŵĹɡ߼ɡ֯ɡɵΡ 

¼ 

ʲô£ҪĻҪĻ̬ȡֻҪ̬ȣҲһлǾͻʾġ                             ֮ 

˾ӦҪ˵ĻŬȥ˽ǶĿ˽ӰΪأ˾ͲЧؿƺ͸ıΪ         ˹ 

һ ù 

һϵ 

ѧӦõĿѧʵϾӦøģ⡣ģͺⷽʵȷĲͬŶֲͬͣҲͬѧߣŲͬĻַ 

  ģ 

ԱȻѧҵҪģ͡õģͱܷӳԱڡô족ĸָҪԱжϡˣģֻܸӳЩжϵĳ̶жǶԻģҲ۵ģȴġΪ뷴ӳԱжϡڵһ׼ȷ£ѡģǱȽ׵ġзպͶ׼£ͽΪѡģһУЧۡ۸ʡ׼Ŀɼģ͵ȡ 

 Ԥģ 

ԻϵͳܽԤġԤģǰԤжĽһġɵذһпܵ붼гΪжҲֻѹԱΪõ뵱жһķԤģóĽۡԤģ͵ĺܶࡣڻԤⷽУԤ(һܵһ)ʱзƶƽֵָƽƽԤ(һµһ)عͼѧԤ(һ)ĸֶԵķ¶Ʒг̽ⷨʷȽϷڷȡϵͳܵԤⷽ棬̬ԼΪۺģģ̬ͣԤպĸģͣɷŶģ͡ؿģⷨȡ 

  Żģ 

ģڸ׼ܹ֮ŵĿнķʽѱѡԴԤģͺģͽһ𣬵ЩɲԱָԵĹܡŵĿн⡱˼ǣڸ׼£ģеĸ߱õġǰǣԤϵͳܵģܺرϵͳιģҲܷӳߵЧúǣѡԴϵͳԤ⡢ۺŻĸֹܽһϵͳʱȴЩǰŻģ͵пģ͡Թ滮͵ηģ(ģ͡תģ͡·ģ͡ƻģ͵)ŻģͣߵŻģ̬͡滮ȡ 

  ģ 

(1)ӯƽɱ桪ϵĶʹڹĳһ߶ҵӰʱԤƵδĽ(һµһ)(2)ģͣĿʹܷСҪĵһζʱ 

  ͳģ 

(1)ۣܸδ¼ֵĿԣƵĽۣӶԱߡаһֽ߼Ӧھѡеͼⷽ(2)ɱߣɢʷֲӵ(󷨣ʧط)ʷֲ(3)ƻ󷨣ʱƻ󷨡üƻ󷨵ȡ 

  ģ 

(1)Թ滮ͼⷨ͵η(2)䷽ʯ͵η(3)̬滮ڽƽ⡢ͬгԱ⡢ȷµĲɹȡ(4)ɷֱͨʱ˶ԤЩδ˶һַΪڡڡгӪĹߣҲڷ⡣ 

  ģ⼼ 

(1)ŶģͣͨŶģ(հɷֲֲָ)ؿ()Ŷӷ(2)ģ⣬ڴӵġ̬Լཻ⣬˳Բ߷ؿ޷ϵͳģⷨȡ 

   

(1)滮һԹ滮ģټϱֻȡֵҪõһ滮(2)Թ滮(3)Ŀ滮Թ滮һӦãܹĿĿ겢棬ԼĿͶĿ겢⡣(4)շӦø˳﷽ȷԺзյ㷺ӵѧģ֮һĿǶԿṩһ˾κͶʻкϺ߼Ѹٵķ(5)̽ʽ滮Դ˹оĿڱһָʹӼǻ۵ʹϢĽ⣬̽пܵ;Ĳ롣(6)ΪģͣǶ˵ؽнͺͶģ͡ 

 ӦõĿѧ 

ѧӦõĿѧǺܶġǲȫֻǾٳһЩҪܣ 

  ̩޿ѧ 

׵ˡ˹塤̩(Frederick Winslow Taylor)ѳһеʦͥѧҵϹѧϵۼѧ1875꣬һСеͽ1878תѳ׵߶(Midvale Steel Works)еˣڸóһֱɵ1897꣬ڴڼ䣬ڹŬͻܿȺΪԱС鳤ʦͼκܹʦҵѧϰĻϻ˻еѧʿѧλ׵߶ʵУеʱҵֲÿѧйùͶƣضͶʵӰ졣ȱѵû 

ȷĲõĹߡⶼӰͶʵߡΪ˸Ľ׵߶и顣 

18981901䣬ܹڲ˾(Bethlehem Steel Company)¹оȡһָٹ߸ֵר1901Դ󲿷ʱѯдݽȹһ׹ۡѧͨƵġ̩ơΪѧ͹Ĵ˹ס ̩޵о׵߶Ĺʱʼġ⾭ʹпڹһϵͳоͶ֯⡣鲢Чʲڹǡ͵󣬱ֽ1881꿪ʼһ顱ɴоÿ˹յĺʹĳ֮󣬸ƶһ׹׼ԼΪ׵߶ǹʱоĿˡ 

1898̩ܹ꣬ڲ˾ڼ䣬ġ顱͡顱飬ҹ˾¯ĲƷ˰Լ75неġһоĽ˲ѵ˹ˣʹİ3ϵͳоϵĸӦΪ⣻оֲܹﵽ׼صµ״⣬ͬʱо˸ԭװµ÷⡣⻹ÿһ׶ľȷʱоӶóһһˡÿӦɵĹһоĽǷǳɫģϳͶ400600˼Ϊ140ˣƽÿÿĲ16 

ߵ59֣ÿ˵չʴ1.15Ԫߵ1.88Ԫ 

̩׵߶ʼеĽ26֮ãеĸ3ϣ80ĸõĹмܹķԼ15Ԫܴ߽ĸٹ߸֣ȡ˸ֻʵתٺͽԼ׼ϡ 

Щ鼯ڡʱоߡϺ͹ȱ׼оЩɹƶÿձȽϿѧĹΪЩı׼ߡ 

̩һڡѧŲһʼͱܣ۵ۡǣ1912ж̩ƺƵ֤ᣬ̩֤˾ʵ֤ʣѧԭķ˼ķ졣 

ѧ۵ҪݸΪ°˸棺 

(1)ѧЧʡ̩ΪҪƶпѧݵĹ˵ġչͱйʱͶоѡҼĹˣǵÿһÿһʹõʱ¼ϱҪϢʱʱ䣬͵óɸҪʱ䣬ݴ˶һˡչνԭ 

(2)ΪͶʣΪѡһĹˡνһĹˣ̩Ϊÿһ͵Ĺ˶ҵĳЩʹΪһģЩȫЩԸˡƶʱ̩ԡһĹڲ佡άϳ޵ٶȡΪ׼ġٶȲͻΪԹܳάٶΪ̩Ϊȫ¹Ļԭǣʹ˵ͬϣֵΪԱҵʵĹѵΪһĹˣŬ 

(3)Ҫʹձ׼Ĳʹñ׼ĹߡͲϣʹҵ׼ν׼ԭ̩ΪÿѧķԹ˵ĲߡͶϢʱĴ䣬İźҵĲõȽзֲأѸõؽγһõķǹֵҪְ𡣪 

(4)ʵд̼ԵļƼʱƶȡΪ˹Ŭɶ̩һԭּƼƶȰݣͨʱоͷƶһпѧݵĶ׼ڲһֽƼơݼԸƶȣƼʰɶĳ̶ȶ磬ֻɶ80Ͱ80ʸꣻ˶120120ʸꣻ۹֧Ķǹ˶ְλݹ˵ʵʹֶǸݹ֧ʡ̩Ϊܿ˷󣬸Ҫܵ˵ĻԣӶʹ˴Ͷʡ 

(5)˺͹涼ʶЧʶ˫ҪһΡ໥ЭΪͬͶʶŬǰܵУÿÿƽ16ߵ59֣ÿյĹʴ1.15Ԫߵ1.88Ԫÿֵİ˷Ѵ7.5ֽ3.3֣Թ˵ĵǳɱĽͣԹ˵ĵǹʵߣ̩Ϊ˫СЭĻ 

(6)Ѽƻְְִֿܷͬԭľ鹤Ϊѧν鹤ָÿʲôʹʲôߵȣԼĻʦ˵ľ̩ȷּƻְְִܣרŵļƻµоΪͲṩѧݣƶѧĶͱ׼ĲߣⶨƻָʾȽϡ׼͡ʵЧĿƵȹֳĹˣִеְܣռƻƶĲָʾʹù涨ı׼ߣʵʵĲиı䡣 

(7)ʵСְܹơ̩ʵСְܹĹϸ֣ʹеĹֻеһְֹܡƳ˸ְܹԭһĸڼƻţĸڳ䡣ÿְܹĳһĹְܷΧڣֱ˷̩Ϊְܹ֡ơŵ㣺ٶԹߵѵѵʱ٣ڹߵְȷЧʣҵƻɼƻⶨҲѱ׼ְֳָֻܹӼල˷ĹҲԴ½ϸӵĹӶҵáʵһͬʱ 

ְܼܹĶͷ쵼ҡԣְܹơûеõƹ㡣̩޵ְܹ˼ΪԺְܲŵĽ͹רҵṩ˲ο 

(8)֯Ĺʵԭ̩޵Ϊģϴҵ֯͹Ӧԭ򣬼ҵĸ߼ԱеһճȨ¼ԱȥԼֻľͼලȨԭΪݵĹԭԺչΪϵķȨԭʵҵƹơ 

̩ڹҪУƼơ(1895)(1903)ѧԭ(аڹϵ֤ʣ1912)̩ͨһϵеܽ˼ʮоĳɹԼڹʵľ飬һЩԭͷϵͳγˡѧ̩ۡڹ۷ҪĿԹΪִ۵춨˻ĽܳףΪѧ֮ƺŲĹϡ 

  Ȩ 

Ȩ(Contingency theory of management)Ǳ70γɵһֹۡһ۵ĺľͼо֯ĸϵͳڲ͸ϵͳ֮໥ϵԼ֯Ļ֮ϵȷֱĹϵͺͽṹ͡ǿڹҪ֯ⲿӦ䣬ԲͬľѰͬʵĹģʽ򷽷 

᲼˹ѧ¬ɣ˹(F. Luthans)1976ġۣһȨѧһϵͳظȨۡΪ 

(1)ȥĹۿɷΪ֣ѧ˵ѧ˵Ϊѧ˵ϵͳѧ˵Щѧ˵ûаѹͻƵϵͼʵѽڣԶʹЧؽСȨ۾ҪѻԹþ廯ʹʵܵϵ 

(2)Ȩ۾ǿǵйػıͬӦĹͼ֮ĹϵʹõĹͼЧشﵽĿꡣͨ£ԱĹͼ˵ĳֻ£ڸĴﵽĿ˵Ҫĳֹԭͼ磬ھ˥ʱڣҵڹгоӪüȨ֯ṹ͸ڴﵽ֯Ŀꣻھ÷ʱڣڹӦгоӪô÷Ȩ֯ṹܻһЩ 

(3)֮ĺϵȨϵȨ۵ĺݡɷΪⲿڲⲿֿԷΪ֣һᡢúΡɵɣһɹӦߡ˿͡ߡԱɶɡڲʽ֯ϵͳĸⲿ֮໥ġߡͿơ״ȹѧ˵ŵĹͼڻ͹611ʾ 

֮Ȩ۵صǣǿݲͬľȡӦ֯ṹ쵼ʽơڰһ֯ϵͳеķϵͳҪ֯ĻҪӦⲿҪ󡣪  

 ⲿڲ̱Ϊ һ㻷ض (ʽ骤֯ϵͳ) ṩӦ֯ṹƻ߼һϵͳ ѧ˿;߳֯ϵͳƪþָ߽Ŷģ֯չϢϵͳ ιԱ״Э ɹɶ 

  ʽƻ 

ʽƻһֱƾԵġܹӦ仯ĳڼƻƷǣѱƳļƻĻϣÿһι̶ʱ(һһȵȣι̶ʱڱΪ)ݱ仯˵ĻͼƻʵִȷʵּƻĿԭƻеÿεʱԭƻ޲䣬ƻ˳ǰƽһڡ 

ڳڼƻļƻڽϳ׼ȷԤ⵽Ӱصı仯ȷڼƻĳɹʵʩùʽƻͿԸݻ仯ʵڵضԼƻ޶ʹ֯ʼһΪкʵʵĳڼƻָʹڼƻܹʼڼƻܵνһ𡣪 

  ֯Ŀȼη 

ĿĿĻּľ廯һ֯ȡﵽϣδ״ؽĿǸҵ(֯)ּҵ(֯)һʱҪﵽԤڳɹӹѧĽǶȿҵ(֯)ĿжصԣƶĿʱպĿЩԡ 

1.ĿԷΪͻĿͿĿꪥ 

ǰָʹˮƽӪˮƽﵽǰδеˮƽָʹˮƽӪˮƽάˮƽ磬ĳƷķƷ15ңڼƻҪ߹ʹƷʽ1010ͽͻĿꡣ 

2.Ŀ(ĿǷֲε) 

֯ṹĽǶ֯ĿǷֲΡֵȼġ 

ǻԽһ֯Ŀ򻯺͸ΪΣٻ㡪֯ĿꡣҵĿǣΪṩҪʲƷͷ񣬲ܶļֵ֯㡪Ϊһ湲ͬһϵͳĿꡣҵ߾Ч桢ǿҸͷչԱԱͶȫԼĹĿꣻ۸˲㡪֯ԱĿ꣬羭롢ḻȤáͳɾ͸еȡ 

3.Ŀ绯 

֯иࡢĿ깹Ϊһ磬ʾо໥ϵһ֯Ŀֻͨͨ໥ϵ໥ٽʵֵġԣĿ;ļƻͨΪһ硣ĿͼƻȻΪһ磬ǾͺٱΪԵķʽĿĿ֮䡢ҹ¹ͨ˴˺Ӧڻһ塣 

ΪĿͼƻǰһķʽӵģҪʹһЧͱʹĿ˴Э֧Ԯӡ 

4.ĿĶԪ 

һ֯Ŀжԣʹ֯ҪĿ꣬һҲǶֶġ磬Թҵ˵ͨҪڰ˸ҪĿ꣬ǣгλڴºͼʣʺͲԴʣԱļЧͷչԱĹͶ̬ȣΡÿһ涼иĿ꣬ʷ棬ӦʡʽʡͶʱʵĿꡣȻ֯ĿǶֶģ֯ҪĿ֮⣬һЩҪĿ꣬ĿԽԽá෴ӦĿͻҪĿꡣ 

5.ĿʱԪ 

ʱ䳤ȣԽĿΪĿͳĿꡣĿ볤ĿԶԵġ 

ĿǳĿĻκγĿʵֱȻɽԶڳڼƻĵһʵֵĶĿӦȫġһ棬һҪĹΪԺ̸ҪĹ»һ棬ĿֳĿ꣬ΪʵֳĿꡣΪʹڼƻͶڼƻ֮γһϵӦʹĿͶĿ֮γһϵԣȷĿĹʵȷĿʵֵȺĹ̡ΪʹĿڳĿʵ֣ⶨʵÿĿļƻЩƻϳһܼƻԴǷϺ߼ǷЭһºǷʵС 

6.ĿĿɿԪ 

ĿʿԽĿΪĿͶĿꡣǿĿǿɿ˵ģʹĿпɿԵķʹ֮ǣĿǲʾģӲԵؽһЩԵĿͼ򵥻Σյģпܽ;ⷽ͵ӾǹѧӦѧΪҪĿۡ֯ľӪУĿǲȱٵģԱ֯еĵλԽߣ䶨ĿͿԽࡣʱһĿܱȹ涨һĿʹԱڸĵλĳ˵ĿģĿꡣĿҲǿԿ˵ģ 

Ŀ겻ܺͶĿһ˵ô׼ȷһ㶨Ŀڶááı׼ġȷɿ˵ĿʮѵģκζĿ궼ϸ˵滮Ŀڵķɿ˵ĳ̶ȡ 

  Ŀ 

1Ŀ 

Ŀ(Management by objectivesдΪMBO)2050ڳ̩޵ĿѧΪѧ(رеĲ)Ϊγɵһ׹ƶȡƾƶȣʹ֯ĳԱԲμӹĿƶʵ֡ҿơŬɹĿꡣԱĹɹȷĿΪ˱׼ӶʹԱۺͽ͹ۡԴ󼤷ԱΪ֯ĿŬֹƶӦõ÷ǳ㷺رڶԱĹԱΪеĹ 

Ҫ׼ȷָ˭ĿĴʼ˲ףΪ˵áF³˶Ŀķչʹ֮Ϊһϵشס 

1954꣬³ڡʵһУˡĿҿơš֮ڴ˻ϷչһţΪҵĿĺ񣬱뻯ΪĿ꣬ҵĸܱͨЩĿ¼쵼ԴﵽҵĿꡣһΧûضĿ꣬ΧضӣûзһµķĿָԱĹҵģԽԱԽʱͻ˷ѵĿԾԽ󡣵³˵ҵ͹ѧ˼Ӱ죬γɺƹĿ˾޴ƶá 

2Ŀĸص㪥 

ĿĸԴ¼ص⣺ 

(1)ĿǲһʽĿʵͬʱҲĿƶߣϼ¼һͬȷĿꡣȷĿ꣬ȻĿзֽ⣬չͨЭ̣ƶҵšֱÿԱĿꣻĿָĿ꣬÷Ŀ걣֤Ŀ꣬γһĿꡪֶΡ 

(2)ǿҿơĿĵ³ΪԱԸ⸺ģԸڹзԼĴǺʹԵģǿƵĶһ֯еġˡӦơıΪĶӦΪҲ˵ԶԶĿƴﵽΪĿơĿּڣáҿƵĹ桰ѹԵĹʹԱܹԼĳɼҿƿԳΪǿҵĶƶǾԼѹãǡȥˡ 

(3)ʹ·ȨȨͷȨì֯Ļì֮һΨʧȥ谭ȨҪԭ֮һĿЭһìܣʹȨ·ţڱЧƵǰ£ѾøһЩ 

(4)עسɹһķ롣ôͳĹԱı֣׸ӡ󡢱˵˼ͶĳЩ̬ȵȶۡʵĿһƵĿ꿼ϵӶܹԱʵʹ״СʵһˡĿ֯ĿĿеؽһǿԱڹеСڵԱĻԣǿ֯˺ܺõá 

3ĿĻ̪ 

ڸ֯ʲͬĿĲԲȫһһ˵ԷΪĲ 

(1)һĿϵʵĿҪһĿϵ 

ǴҵܲſʼģȻ϶µȷĿꡣ¼Ŀ֮ͨһ֡ĿġֶΡĹϵĳһĿ꣬Ҫһֶʵ֣ЩֶξͳΪһĴĿ꣬˳ȥֱҵҵĿ꣬ӶһʽĿϵ 

(2)ƶĿꡣƶĿĹͬƻһǳҪⶨǰһЩָ룬ָ벻ȷͲϣ¼ԱƶĿ⣬ƶĿӦȡЭ̵ķʽӦ¼ԱݻⶨԼĿ꣬Ȼϼ׼ 

(3)֯ʵʩĿȶԱӦְȨ¼ԱԼȥץصۺԹĿҪִߵҿơȷĿ֮ΪϼԱǰ±عףΥĿּܻĿЧȻⲢ˵ϼȷĿͿֲˡϼĹӦҪָЭ⣬ṩ鱨ԼõĹ档 

(4)ۡԸĿҪȹ涨ޣڽм飬ķزԼ졢רŵĲŽм顣ݾȷĿꡣսӦĿۣ۽нۣʹĿһѭ̡ 

4ĿľԪ 

Ŀкܶŵ㣬Ҳȱ㡣еȱǷڵģһЩġ 

(1)ĿԭͷòĿ򵥣ҪЧظʵʩԱ꾡˽ʶҪĿϵĵĽ͹˵ĿʲôãΪʲôҪ۹ЧʱЩʲôãԼĿܵõʲôôȡ 

(2)ûаָⶨĿĸԱ塣ĿּƻһЩⶩĿĸԱòҪָ룬˽ƻǰҵĻսԺߣôǾ޷ƶȷĿ꣬Ҳ޷Ŀá 

(3)Ŀȷһɿ˵ĿȷģһʹͬһԱĿ궼ġš̶͡ȸѵģǡʹĿȡóЧĹؼ 

(4)ĿһǶڵġʵĿ֯УȷĿһ㶼Ƕڵģٳһ꣬һȻЩǿĿıײԶ׼ģˣΪֹĿµĶΪϼԱӳĿĽǶĿƶĿָ롣 

(5)ΣաĿҪȡóЧͱ뱣ȷԺͿ϶ԣĿ꾭ı䣬˵Ǿ˼ǺܼƻĽĿûġǣƻδģδ಻϶أʹñѾ仯˵ļƻǰĿȻ޶һĿϵƶһĿϵѵľ޼ʹԱò;ֹͣĿĹ̡˽ĿľԣЧʵʩĿǺҪġĿҹĹչлһµƣ֯Ա費̽ʹ֮ơ 

  Ԥⷨ 

ڼĲϼӿ죬ӼͶģƷӦõʱ䲻̡Ʒڡ̺ͼ٣Լڼһһһҵ뷢չľòϼӴ󡢴ӼлȡľЧЧԽԽȵȣЩƶʹüԤǵӡԤԼƻӰҲǿӶʹΪһҵƻҪĻԹ 

ְԤƶƻǰҵһЩڸ߼ҵЩҵͬҵʱν²ƷĳЩ¼ϵĲ磬ôŴ¼ƷڴŴ¼ܶȼͳȻеӹĽ ģɵ·еͻǽᾧ͵΢ϵĳɹҵάͼ񴫸΢ʹװΪģȵȡձռ֮Էǳʼռ޶ȵҺֱʿ˫ʯӢһӱ׼ȷԷ泤Ｘ֮ 

õľ 

1.Ԥ⪥ 

ϩĳԤ⣬ƶսĿꡢѡжʩͱ֤ʩҪҪݡ 

2.Ԥ⪥ 

ϩһʽܼͺͼܼͽϵԭϹҵһͶʴ󣬽ڳһ湤̵ȽԶϩľЧžáˣͶģ֮ǰйظ·̵ֽѧɡȽͷĸЧԼװýоԤȷѡо⡢ȷо͹滮оĿ 

3.ЧԤ⪥ 

Ϊ˶ϩ滮Ǹװãǽװãǽϩжʩо񣬾ͱÿһЧԤ⡣Ӧֲͬ͵Ԥ⣺Ԥƻǰ᣻ԤƻʵʩЧԼƻЧԤҪĳͶʵԤ֧Ԥ⣬ĳ̵ֱӾЧͼЧԤ⣬Լĳܸ̬̿ĲӰԤȵȡԼƻЧԤ۾߷ͽݡһļƻ˵Ϊһڵļƻṩǰ 

  Ͷ 

һָϸ¡ȫضԾñԤͷķΪͶɹѧа޷(Wassily W. Leontief)ڴġ÷ĺһŸݵͳƽıƵͶ򻯵һʽ612ʾ 

612߶ȼ򻯵Ͷṹ 

 

Ͷ 

мƷ ղƷ ܲ 

(Xij)  

´ֵ 

ͶX 

 ʽУXijjŽʱiŲƷ(ֵ) 

(Xij)ľ󣬷ӳǹ񾭼øżϵ 

N´ֵʼͶԼᴿ(˰)ȣӳ˹η 

YղƷۡѡڵȣӳ˹ٷʹ 

XܲƷܲͶĺͶĻǰᡣ 

Ϊ˽ͶĻϵʽǶֱϵaij京ΪλjŵĲƷֱiŲƷ(ֵ)㹫ʽΪ 

aij=SX(XijXiSX)(i j=1,n) 

ǿɽXijʾɣ 

Xij=aijXj 

дɾʽ 

(Xij)=AXj 

ʽУA=a11a12  a1n 

    

an1 an2  ann 

ӶɽͶĻϵʽ 

AX+Y=X 

 

X=(I-A)-1Y 

ϵʽֱ֪ϵaij,ij=1,n£ֻҪ滮ƻĩղƷɺͷ(ҪǻѵıԻԻ۵ıѵı)ҲȷղƷYͿԽƻڸŵܲƷ(ֵܲ)ԤƻǰղƷԤ⣬ƻĽǶԸܲԤ滮ԸܲԤֳΪƶƻǰݡ 

Ͷа޷1945ַԤսԸֺԭϵĴ󡣼֮1947Ͷ1965꣬а޷ڸ1958ͶԤˡԸź͸ľӰ졣 

 רԤⷨ 

ĿǰڳھԤͼԤʹõķרҵ鷨רҵǲÿʽйרټҪԤĿǾжϡַһЧҲһЩصȱ㣬磬߿ȨʹԼԸԼĹ۵ִڴͳרҵЩȱ㣬¹˾(Rand Corporation)չһµרҵ鷨ȡΪ¶쳷(Dephi method)¶ǹϣ˵е֮أԤδʽ 

ַصǲüķʽԲķʽѯרҶĳĿеһѯУϴεרң¿ǺٴԼĿرҪЩּ˿רңϸ˵Լɡַ̣רҵڼУӶʹпܴлȡйشͻ¼Ϣ 

Ϊߵ¶쳷ԤЧһҪصѡרĳԱһҪѯ¼棺 

(1)ԤڼֿҪԽۣ 

(2)ԿⷶΧڸ¼ĿԺͷʱۣ 

(3)Ըֿѧߡװ֮໥ϵҪԽۣ 

 (4)Ϊ˴ﵽĳĿ꣬ҪȡشʩԼЩʩʵʩɵĿԺͱҪԽۡ 

ʱӦÿǵλͬĺͿ໥ȽϵĻشԱרҵ׶ζϽִͻܡ 

¶쳷ԤⷽͬǷҪΨһĴΪĿֻǾʹרҵУԻشרʩκѹַкķ¹˾Ե¶쳷й˵൱˵Ĵ𰸵˸֤ԼЩûȷʵɿϢ˲Ӱ죬ʹǸıԼĹƶм俿£ͬʱҲʹЩֲͬ־Լг۾ݵڱԭĿΪ绤 

¶쳷ûȱģΪַĿɿԲߣ׶Բȷ()еȡЩҪԤÿһֵرעֹ 

  ͷԷ籩 

Ⱥڸ塰⡱ǷľãʲôãĿǰǸۺоĿ⡣1957꣬ӢѧҰ˹(A. F. Osborn)ڡӦõһˡͷԷ籩(Brain StormingBS)⣬ȺԱӱÿһܵĴ̼ɢ˼άͬʱ˼ʱݱַⶨзľ߽׶ʱԻôӱķ롣һЩʵо֧һ衣ѧҵ (M. D. Dunnit)1963ԿԱʦΪ󣬷ֱڶ˼ΪһBS龳Уṩİ취֣˼ʱȺ˼ࡢоΪȺвBS˳ע˷ԼıܰᣬʹԼ˼άܵŶжϣ˼Ĳ 

һЩо߸ʵΪȺӦBSСԤЧӦ(Warm-up effect)ڴҽ뷨뻥ʹ˶ԱעȤȺĴΪ淶ʹԼȥ˼Ӷ𵽴˼ά׼áһΪڽĳʹBSȥ˼ͻʹ÷ԶڵЧ 

Ӹ˵ȺߵǱЧܹӵʲô̶ȣԼյЧΣȡԱ쵼ˮƽΪȺ쵼ˣӦдһֹÿԱֹ׵ĻĲܡһԱȺۣܵõߡϹ涨Ŀľߣһ棬Աе񲢼ʵʩΣӦñķʽƸҡ 

   

һ̣ĸҪ׶ΣЩ׶˼ά׶֮нܵϵ˼ά벻һΪһָӵ˼άҲҪһ֡ԡ˵Ҫͨһģ 

ͨȽ״ĿĲ෢⣬ƳзÿӦһյЧʵ־һĸʣȨʱ˿ǵʵֵƽ⣬ʱ۵ƫãѡȫףĿҪĻġһ̼Գ͵õ˾ 

һ̽ʽ߹̵ģͣʵѴǵ˼άУһֱʹš 

  ֵ 

νʽʱֵǼϢӰ졣õķֵԭǽͬʱڷ׷Ͷʺ;ӪãΪͶֵȻڳͶʱȽϣֵķΪзֵķΪѷϢһΪ͸֣ڷжø㡣 

лһЩõļۣ磺 

1.߼ʷ 

۾񷽰ʹñ߼ʷ׷ӵ֧׷ӵȽϣʱΪٽ㣬ҲͶʽõʧʱĵȡ󡣪˷ú֮⣬߼ʷڱȽءܵ˵ĿǷ󣬱߼ʷڽ;ľ߷ 

2.Ч 

ѡ񷽰ĿԶʡõʾȷʱЧһѡ񷽰ĺð취Ǵͳı߼ʷĽһƻ֡ЧҪصǣעһϵͳսϣÿΪĿʱЧȨǵȱ㡣ͬʱҪЧۣȽÿķ(ɱ)ЧǽۺԷǳЧ(ɱ) 

3.۪ 

ڿСҵճҪáΪѧɡһɽп͹ɣֻоֵ¼øһɽɣǵڶսӦھߵѧɡĸ߸ܵõ֤ݣһ¼ķʲô¼ĸʡ ۸ʶԾõģǱġΪԾΪ¼Ŀԡһ˵۸ʺڷǳġҪľߣ͹۸ȴڳظѡ񡣪 

4.Ч۪ 

ҪԾҪֵݡЧֵĺ壬ǾҪѡĿ꣬ڻ㡣Ч۵ķȻм֣ġʸӶֽȷķκһּûġ 

5.ֵΪ˼پ߽ĲɿԲõһַ߶һֱֵֽܳʧֵʵֵĸʼȨ˻򸺵ĲٰѸԱȽ϶ 

6.۪ۺгͻأ־߲ܵԼһҪƵһ˶ģһʤ⡣ۻѧ 

7.Թ滮Թ滮ǽžߵķڸ໥ĶԼ£滮һĿ꺯ŵ⣬һԴӦöȡ󾭼Ч档һͳﰲţСȥɡĿ꺯ָҪﵽĿѧʾʽһСֵʾԼָʵĿԴڲأһʽ򲻵ʽʾ֮ 

  ȷ 

70ϣµ뺽칫˾(Lockhead)ԹݵıȵĹϵо֤ɾȵҪЩҪ¼档 

1.ְܵԪ 

ָһԱ쵼µĸŻԱִе̶ְܵͬȡȻְƳ̶ȸߣȿɽϴ󡣪 

2.ڽԪ 

ָһλԱ쵼µĵλڵλϵļлɢ̶ȡΪеģȿɽϴ󡣪 

3.ְܵĸ 

ָҪɵҪĲŵص͹ʵ׳̶ȡ 

4.ָƵĹ 

쵼һ뱻쵼һĹҵ̶ȡҪѵĹȨĶ٣ԼҪԹĵĳ̶ȵȡ 

5.ЭĹ 

ָλϼλͬλ֮䣬Լ֮Э軨ѵľʱ䡣 

6.ƻĹ 

ָӳԱڵλļƻְܵҪԡԺʱҪ󡣪 

ȷ˾ȵı֮󣬸ù˾Щѳ̶ȷֳ弶ÿ涨һȨʾӰϽҪ̶ȡ613ʾеȨǸ150вʵóģһͳƹԡ 

ڴ˻ϣַ֯ϵ÷ҵóһɲͬӰ̶ȵȨܺӦĽȱ׼ֵԱպͶԱȡ 

613 ܹ 

ӰȵҪ ļȨ ְȫͬ1ͬ2ƪ3ͬ4 5 ڽȫһ1ͬһ칫¥2ͬһͬ칫¥3 ͬһͬص㪤4ͬһ5 ְܸ 򵥵Ĺ2 йª4 ΢Ӫ6 Ӷ䪤8 ǳ ӪҶ䪤10 ָ ѵ٪3 ު6 ʵĶڪ 9 Ī12 ʼܵĪ15 Э ˵Īϵ٪2 ȷ涨Ī޹ϵ4ʵıڪƵ ϵ6 ൱еĪϵ8 ໥Ӵ檤㣬ֲظĹϵ10 ƻ ģ븴ԪС2 ģ븴Ԫު4 еȹģͪ 

Ԫ6 Ҫ൱ĪŬйتָ8 Ҫ󼫴ŬΧ몤߾ ȷ10 

614Ĺȱ׼ֵ 

ӰȨ֮ ı׼ 

2224 8-11 

2527 710 

2830 69 

3133 58 

3436 47 

3739 46 

4042 45 

ӱ614ɿȨܺԽСԽ󣻷֮ԽСҪ˵ǣԱ614ľãЩδܿǵأԱ䱸顢֣ԼһЩˣӦݲͬõȨܺͼ磬еһԱֱʱõȨܺͳһϵȻͬ׼ĿֵȽϣȷĹȵֵſǱȽõġ 

֮ڸࡢ֮֯Уо;֯ṹʱҪǵ⡣֪ȵȷصӰ죬Ӱ̶ȵĲͬ˹ȵĵǺܴģûһ̶ֵˣҪڸְλԱӦݱλľ˵ؿǸӰأøַȷԼĹȡ 

  ˼跨 

ˡ(Rational-economic man)ֳΪԡˡҲΪʵˡּԴ壬پ19ͺӰγɡ˼Ϊ˵һΪΪ޶ȵԼ棬Ϊ˻þñꡣѧ׸(D. M. McGregor)ġҵ桷һУֶĹۣУX۾Ƕԡˡĸ۵£ 

(1)ʮ裬뷽跨ӱܹ 

(2)ûĴ־ԸκΣԸָܱ 

(3)˵ĸĿ궼֯ĿìܵģǿơͷķʹΪﵽ֯Ŀ 

(4)˸ɹΪҪֻнǮ͵λܹǹ 

(5)˴¿ԻΪ࣬˶ǷˣһܹԼԼܹƸ嶯ˣЩӦΡ 

ּĹʽǣ֯ӦԾñʹǷӺЧӦȨϵ֯ԱصЧʣǶϸĹ淶ǿַ͹ơΪʿýǮ̼ͬʱͷȡܲӴߡ̩ƾǡˡ۵ĵʹ  

  ˼跨 

ɣоڣʹע⵽Ⱦϵıܼǡڳڵзֻ֣ڹȫȺʱܵõϡˡ(Social man)Ļǣ 

(1)Ӹ˵ĶģͨͬµĹϵͬС 

(2)ҵ빤ҵĽʹʧȥ壬ֻܴӹϵϵȥѰ塣 (3)ԱͬǵӰȶԹľ򼰿ƸΪӡ 

(4)ԱĹЧ˾ĳ̶ȶı䡣 

˼óĹʽݡˡļóĹʽȫͬǿӦע⹤Ŀ (ָ)⣬Ӧע´ǵҪ󡣲ӦֻעָӡලȣӦԱ֮ĹϵγԱĹкϡӦֻעԸ˵ĽӦᳫ影ƶȡ 

  ʵ˼跨 

ʵˡ(Self-actualizing man)ѧҡѧ˹(Abraham Maslow)ġνʵָǣ˶ҪԼǱԼĲܣֻ˵Ǳַӳ˵Ĳֱֳܳ˲Żе㡣˵ǳ֮⣬һԼĸԼǱ 

1.Y۪ 

׸ܽᲢ˹ƵĹ۵㣬XۣYۡ 

(1)һ˶ڷܵģͬϷϢһȻ 

(2)ƺͳͷʵ֯ĿΨһֶΡִָܹҿơ 

(3)ʵ£һ˲ĳְ𣬶һѰְ𡣪 

(4)˶ˣڽ֯ʱܷӳ߶ȵ Ǻʹԡ (5)ʵԴﵽ֯ĿΪԼʵĿ󱨳ꡣ 

(6)ִ£һ˵Ǳֻõһֵķӡ 

2.X۪ 

XΪ֯ĿԱĸĿìܵġҪȨΪָӺͿƵֶΡYΪֻҪǱ˵ȥ֯Ҳ˵һ֯ԱܰѹŵñȽϸսԣʹ֯ĳԱΪܹԴһԺʵ֯Ŀõ㣬ͲҪ֯ر֯ԱҼ֯Ŀꡣ˵һĹYXۣ۵ĻڣYΪյķչ˵·XɵԼĵ· 

  ˼跨 

ˡ(Complex man)60ĩ70ļ衣ּһĺԣһˡΪǸӵġ˶죬һ˱ڲͬ䡢ص㡢ʱҲвͬı֡˵Ÿֱ仯ı䣬˵ĹϵҲı䡣 

1.Y۪ 

裬µۣΪYۣ£ 

(1)˵ҪǶֶģЩҪ˵ķչı仯ı䡣ÿ˵ҪͬҪĲҲ˶졣 

(2)ͬһʱиҪͶЩҪͶᷢ໥òΪͳһ壬γɴ۸ӵĶģʽ 

(3)֯еĹǲϱ仯ģµҪͶ 

(4)һڲͬλͬһλĲͬŹͬ󡣪 

(5)˵Ҫͬ죬ԲͬĹʽвͬķӦûʺκ֯κʱ䡢κθ˵ͳһĹʽ 

2.Ȩ۪ 

£ҪԱݾ˵ĲͬزȡͬĹʩ¶죬ǧƪһɡͨΪǹѧġȨۡ(Contingent theory) 

ʵУǧģǼȫ˵ģڹ˵ʵĸּΣյġӦÿǣЩокܴٿʹʶΪỷеĸһǳҪأϵͳеɲ֣ǱĳԱ 

  Ϊʽ۷ 

쵼׷쵼ߵԸ쵼ʽΪġ˿ʼо쵼ߵתƵΪϡ쵼ߵΪʽۡΪݸΪʽԶ쵼õķࡣȻûһϵġõġࡣиָķ෨ֻؽֱܼȽдԵۡ 

ѧһ(Ralph K. White)Ƥ(Ronald Lippett)쵼ʽ۪غƤ쵼ʽۣȨʽ(Authoritarian)ʽ(Democratic)ʽ(Lassea-faine)һϤķࡣ  
(1)Ȩʽ쵼߾쵼߾йеĲͼҲ쵼߷ʩ£估ϣ쵼߶ٽӴнͣ˲¡ 

(2)ʽ쵼Ҫ֯Ա۾쵼߲ȡЭ̬ȣۣͨʹԱԹȫòʶƵɹ;ͷΧڣԱڽйĲõļ൱ѡᡣ 

(3)ʽ쵼֯ԱȺȫľȨ쵼߷ֻܸ֯Աṩѯ롢Ҳ棬ֻżʾмȫ֯Աи𡣪 

쵼ʽУһΪ쵼ʽЧϺá 

2.쵼 

ѧ̹ϱķ(Robert Tannenbaum)ʩ(Warren Schliect)쵼(Leadership as a continum)ҲߡߵΪΪ쵼ʽиʽһ˵쵼ȡڻ͸ԡ˴Ҫ쵼ΪĵҪΪĵһϵ쵼ʽЩʽ쵼߰ȨĴС̶ȶͬˣ쵼ʽַ(õĻ)ѡһ쵼ṩһϵе쵼ʽ˵һַʽȷģһַʽǴġ 

Ӧǿָǻ쵼ʽΧԲԱʾ֯ỷ쵼ʽʩӵӰ졣ǿ쵼ʽпϵͳʡͶԱȨսҲҪϽʱӦ֯ⲿ档 

3.ѧ(Rensis Likert)ġġ롰Աġ۪ 

1947ԺؼִѧойоԱһϵе쵼оҵҽԺ֯ 

1961꣬ǰ쵼߷ΪֻͣԹΪġ(Job-centered)쵼롰ԱΪġ(Employee-centered)쵼ǰߵصǣṹܼල꾡Ĺ涨£ߵصǣԱΪӦ⡢ȺʵĿ꣬֯ԱϴѡķΧ 

ݴˣسԱΪЧ쵼עģϢͨʹиһ¡ȺгԱ(Ա)ʵһ໥ֵ֧ĹϵֹϵУǸеֵԸĿͬ档쵼ʽҪ˲ȡΪ쵼һȺΪЧķؼֹԴΪоͲ쵼ԭ򡣪 

֮һáʽԱָʾû룻Ҫÿźʹ֣ʱҲżýȥǣ϶µشϢѾȨ߲㣻ȵȡ 

֮º͡ʽýͼĳЩżķȥһЩ¶ϴݵϢһЩ뷨ĳЩȨϸ߿ơ 

֮ʽԱʱ󡢽ܺͲĽ飻ͨͼȥ뷨ýͲżôİ취Աİ취ʹϴʹ´ϼܲƶҪߺһľýϵһܲȥľһЩŰ¡ 

֮ģ롱ԱսĿܹ꣬ﵽĿʾģƶĿĿȡõĽչ棬Ⱥڲ²ʽͣʹ¼֮ϢͨʹͬԱ֮Ϣ߽ͨ֯ԼΪһȺ» 

ط֣Щù֮ȥ¹ĹԱһ㶼Ǽгɾ͵쵼ߣԴַ֯ƶĿʵĿ귽гɼġЩҪ֮Աĳ̶ȣԼʵм໥ֵ֧ĳ̶ȡ 

4.ѧҰ˹(Chris Argyris)Ĳ졪˹Ĳ졪ۣҪڸ֯ϵоЧ쵼ӦðǴӲ״̬ת䵽״̬615ʾ 

615˹Ĳ졪 

ص ص 

 ܶ 

  

  

ȤĮ ȤŨ 

Ŀǳ ĿⳤԶ 

ְλ Ҫְλ 

ȱ֪֮ ֪֮ҿ 

Ϊһ֯ΪṩʹǳĻᣬṩΪѾĸԴĻᣬôǾͻǡɥҽΥ֯Ŀķʽ¡ 

5.ѧĶά۪ 

ѧоǴ1945𣬶쵼˹㷺оǷ֣쵼Ϊ(dimensions)ٹػ(consideration)ڡ桱(initiating structure)һ֮Ϊѧۡ򡰶άۡ(two dimension theory) 

νػָһλ쵼߶ءԼ˽ĳ̶ȡӸ߶ȹػͶȹػм̶ͬȵĹػν桱Ҳָ쵼߶ĵλɫ빤ʽǷƶй»Ҳи߶ȵĶ͵ͶȵĶ档ˣάɹһ쵼Ϊ꣬¿ɷΪĸ޻쵼ʽ 

ЩѧͼЩ쵼ʽһЩЧְָ꣬¹ʡߡʵ֮ĹϵǷ֣ڣ붨̶ȳأػ̶ȳʸءڷڣֹϵǡǡ෴һ˵߶͵͹ػ쵼ʽЧ 

Ȼ˵оδض֧ۣЩоպ쵼о̽֡ 

6.ѧҲ(Robert R. Blake)¶(Jane Mouton)Ĺͼ 

˺¶1964һĹͼĿرʾԱĳ̶ȺͶ˵Ĺĳ̶ȡֱʾͶ˵Ĺĳ̶ȡÿͱʾ͡ˡԲ̶ͬϵһ쵼ʽĹıʾΪ߶Ըֵ̬ȣ߾̣оĴԣְԱķЧʼƷȡ˵ĹĺҲܹ㷺˶ʵĿеΣְ𣻽ζ˳ӻϵְ𣻱õĹԼֻе˼ʹϵȡάۼΪƣҲǲȡά˵쵼ʽ˵Ĺĳ̶(Concern for people)ͶԹĹĳ̶(Concern for production)Ҳ귽ʽάĸϷʽ9̶ֳȣ˿81ϣγ81ν񡱣5ֵ͵ϣʾ͵쵼ʽ 

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1.9ͷʽʾ˼ΪģҲǹĹԱǷ㣬Ӹùϵǿͬº¼ͬԼĸ顣ԹЧΪֲ͵Ĺ 

5.5ͷʽʾȶԹģҲ˹ģ̶֮Уǿʿɶַֹʽ쵼ȶԹһҪǿͨͼȥʹ񡣵쵼ȱȡģά״Ϊӹ֮͹ 

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ӦֵָͣҲϵһּ˵ʵУѻִִ֮ĵ쵼ʽ 

7.ѧ׶(William J. Reddin)ά 

۪ɶά۽ά(three dimensional theory)70׶Ĺסõάǣ(Task orionted)ڹϵ(Relationships-oriented)쵼Ч(Leadership effectiveness)ǰж˵ĹĺͶ()ĹĹƣ׶쵼ʽҪطΪֻ쵼ʽ 

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쵼ĺڼع() 

ѧϰϼжϼԹȫԸʵжǶ¼õĽ() 

ڹõķͼɣһҵڣҲҵڶ̬ĻӦ仯вΪڡҵܷ֮ำ˹ŬȥѰҺͲŵĹɡ߼ɡ֯ɡɵΡ 

¼ 

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˾ӦҪ˵ĻŬȥ˽ǶĿ˽ӰΪأ˾ͲЧؿƺ͸ıΪ         ˹ 

һ ù 

һϵ 

ѧӦõĿѧʵϾӦøģ⡣ģͺⷽʵȷĲͬŶֲͬͣҲͬѧߣŲͬĻַ 

  ģ 

ԱȻѧҵҪģ͡õģͱܷӳԱڡô족ĸָҪԱжϡˣģֻܸӳЩжϵĳ̶жǶԻģҲ۵ģȴġΪ뷴ӳԱжϡڵһ׼ȷ£ѡģǱȽ׵ġзպͶ׼£ͽΪѡģһУЧۡ۸ʡ׼Ŀɼģ͵ȡ 

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ԻϵͳܽԤġԤģǰԤжĽһġɵذһпܵ붼гΪжҲֻѹԱΪõ뵱жһķԤģóĽۡԤģ͵ĺܶࡣڻԤⷽУԤ(һܵһ)ʱзƶƽֵָƽƽԤ(һµһ)عͼѧԤ(һ)ĸֶԵķ¶Ʒг̽ⷨʷȽϷڷȡϵͳܵԤⷽ棬̬ԼΪۺģģ̬ͣԤպĸģͣɷŶģ͡ؿģⷨȡ 

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ģڸ׼ܹ֮ŵĿнķʽѱѡԴԤģͺģͽһ𣬵ЩɲԱָԵĹܡŵĿн⡱˼ǣڸ׼£ģеĸ߱õġǰǣԤϵͳܵģܺرϵͳιģҲܷӳߵЧúǣѡԴϵͳԤ⡢ۺŻĸֹܽһϵͳʱȴЩǰŻģ͵пģ͡Թ滮͵ηģ(ģ͡תģ͡·ģ͡ƻģ͵)ŻģͣߵŻģ̬͡滮ȡ 

  ģ 

(1)ӯƽɱ桪ϵĶʹڹĳһ߶ҵӰʱԤƵδĽ(һµһ)(2)ģͣĿʹܷСҪĵһζʱ 

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(1)ۣܸδ¼ֵĿԣƵĽۣӶԱߡаһֽ߼Ӧھѡеͼⷽ(2)ɱߣɢʷֲӵ(󷨣ʧط)ʷֲ(3)ƻ󷨣ʱƻ󷨡üƻ󷨵ȡ 

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(1)Թ滮ͼⷨ͵η(2)䷽ʯ͵η(3)̬滮ڽƽ⡢ͬгԱ⡢ȷµĲɹȡ(4)ɷֱͨʱ˶ԤЩδ˶һַΪڡڡгӪĹߣҲڷ⡣ 

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(1)ŶģͣͨŶģ(հɷֲֲָ)ؿ()Ŷӷ(2)ģ⣬ڴӵġ̬Լཻ⣬˳Բ߷ؿ޷ϵͳģⷨȡ 

   

(1)滮һԹ滮ģټϱֻȡֵҪõһ滮(2)Թ滮(3)Ŀ滮Թ滮һӦãܹĿĿ겢棬ԼĿͶĿ겢⡣(4)շӦø˳﷽ȷԺзյ㷺ӵѧģ֮һĿǶԿṩһ˾κͶʻкϺ߼Ѹٵķ(5)̽ʽ滮Դ˹оĿڱһָʹӼǻ۵ʹϢĽ⣬̽пܵ;Ĳ롣(6)ΪģͣǶ˵ؽнͺͶģ͡ 

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ѧӦõĿѧǺܶġǲȫֻǾٳһЩҪܣ 

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׵ˡ˹塤̩(Frederick Winslow Taylor)ѳһеʦͥѧҵϹѧϵۼѧ1875꣬һСеͽ1878תѳ׵߶(Midvale Steel Works)еˣڸóһֱɵ1897꣬ڴڼ䣬ڹŬͻܿȺΪԱС鳤ʦͼκܹʦҵѧϰĻϻ˻еѧʿѧλ׵߶ʵУеʱҵֲÿѧйùͶƣضͶʵӰ졣ȱѵû 

ȷĲõĹߡⶼӰͶʵߡΪ˸Ľ׵߶и顣 

18981901䣬ܹڲ˾(Bethlehem Steel Company)¹оȡһָٹ߸ֵר1901Դ󲿷ʱѯдݽȹһ׹ۡѧͨƵġ̩ơΪѧ͹Ĵ˹ס ̩޵о׵߶Ĺʱʼġ⾭ʹпڹһϵͳоͶ֯⡣鲢Чʲڹǡ͵󣬱ֽ1881꿪ʼһ顱ɴоÿ˹յĺʹĳ֮󣬸ƶһ׹׼ԼΪ׵߶ǹʱоĿˡ 

1898̩ܹ꣬ڲ˾ڼ䣬ġ顱͡顱飬ҹ˾¯ĲƷ˰Լ75неġһоĽ˲ѵ˹ˣʹİ3ϵͳоϵĸӦΪ⣻оֲܹﵽ׼صµ״⣬ͬʱо˸ԭװµ÷⡣⻹ÿһ׶ľȷʱоӶóһһˡÿӦɵĹһоĽǷǳɫģϳͶ400600˼Ϊ140ˣƽÿÿĲ16 

ߵ59֣ÿ˵չʴ1.15Ԫߵ1.88Ԫ 

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Щ鼯ڡʱоߡϺ͹ȱ׼оЩɹƶÿձȽϿѧĹΪЩı׼ߡ 

̩һڡѧŲһʼͱܣ۵ۡǣ1912ж̩ƺƵ֤ᣬ̩֤˾ʵ֤ʣѧԭķ˼ķ졣 

ѧ۵ҪݸΪ°˸棺 

(1)ѧЧʡ̩ΪҪƶпѧݵĹ˵ġչͱйʱͶоѡҼĹˣǵÿһÿһʹõʱ¼ϱҪϢʱʱ䣬͵óɸҪʱ䣬ݴ˶һˡչνԭ 

(2)ΪͶʣΪѡһĹˡνһĹˣ̩Ϊÿһ͵Ĺ˶ҵĳЩʹΪһģЩȫЩԸˡƶʱ̩ԡһĹڲ佡άϳ޵ٶȡΪ׼ġٶȲͻΪԹܳάٶΪ̩Ϊȫ¹Ļԭǣʹ˵ͬϣֵΪԱҵʵĹѵΪһĹˣŬ 

(3)Ҫʹձ׼Ĳʹñ׼ĹߡͲϣʹҵ׼ν׼ԭ̩ΪÿѧķԹ˵ĲߡͶϢʱĴ䣬İźҵĲõȽзֲأѸõؽγһõķǹֵҪְ𡣪 

(4)ʵд̼ԵļƼʱƶȡΪ˹Ŭɶ̩һԭּƼƶȰݣͨʱоͷƶһпѧݵĶ׼ڲһֽƼơݼԸƶȣƼʰɶĳ̶ȶ磬ֻɶ80Ͱ80ʸꣻ˶120120ʸꣻ۹֧Ķǹ˶ְλݹ˵ʵʹֶǸݹ֧ʡ̩Ϊܿ˷󣬸Ҫܵ˵ĻԣӶʹ˴Ͷʡ 

(5)˺͹涼ʶЧʶ˫ҪһΡ໥ЭΪͬͶʶŬǰܵУÿÿƽ16ߵ59֣ÿյĹʴ1.15Ԫߵ1.88Ԫÿֵİ˷Ѵ7.5ֽ3.3֣Թ˵ĵǳɱĽͣԹ˵ĵǹʵߣ̩Ϊ˫СЭĻ 

(6)Ѽƻְְִֿܷͬԭľ鹤Ϊѧν鹤ָÿʲôʹʲôߵȣԼĻʦ˵ľ̩ȷּƻְְִܣרŵļƻµоΪͲṩѧݣƶѧĶͱ׼ĲߣⶨƻָʾȽϡ׼͡ʵЧĿƵȹֳĹˣִеְܣռƻƶĲָʾʹù涨ı׼ߣʵʵĲиı䡣 

(7)ʵСְܹơ̩ʵСְܹĹϸ֣ʹеĹֻеһְֹܡƳ˸ְܹԭһĸڼƻţĸڳ䡣ÿְܹĳһĹְܷΧڣֱ˷̩Ϊְܹ֡ơŵ㣺ٶԹߵѵѵʱ٣ڹߵְȷЧʣҵƻɼƻⶨҲѱ׼ְֳָֻܹӼල˷ĹҲԴ½ϸӵĹӶҵáʵһͬʱ 

ְܼܹĶͷ쵼ҡԣְܹơûеõƹ㡣̩޵ְܹ˼ΪԺְܲŵĽ͹רҵṩ˲ο 

(8)֯Ĺʵԭ̩޵Ϊģϴҵ֯͹Ӧԭ򣬼ҵĸ߼ԱеһճȨ¼ԱȥԼֻľͼලȨԭΪݵĹԭԺչΪϵķȨԭʵҵƹơ 

̩ڹҪУƼơ(1895)(1903)ѧԭ(аڹϵ֤ʣ1912)̩ͨһϵеܽ˼ʮоĳɹԼڹʵľ飬һЩԭͷϵͳγˡѧ̩ۡڹ۷ҪĿԹΪִ۵춨˻ĽܳףΪѧ?br>  
 

